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TITLE : Great Mosque,    LOCATION: Cordoba,   Spain:

MEDIAM : Mosque     DATE: begun 784

By Abdal-°©‐Rahman I

 Straggling

One of the most developed mosque  at medieval period

1-     open contryard leading to hypostyle prayer hall

2-     interior : most distinctive feature was the inventive double tiered system of colums and arches supporting the wooden roof. Because it designed using handmade matrails and stacking two short columns on top of each other where the designer can achieve the nesseary hight , and add in-between arches to thicken the unstable construction. (brike and white stone to get to high roof and shape of Arch)

3-     The quibla of the mosque same as Umayyad dmasged mosaque (copy style).

4-     Exterior : mirror what is the style from the inside like tree door mosque and likely a European style 

5-     9 -10^th c enlarged by Al Hakam II : expaned paryer hall , adding domes over the entrance at the center of the addition and domes in front on either side of the new mihrab. Which were distinguished by rich screens of interesting cusped arches

 

maqsura

6-     developed with two tiered support system of the original building  where is the screen area near Mihrab was a Maqsura reseaved for the ruler and connected to the palace by a passageway in the qibla wall.

7-     Maqsura wasn’t meant to protect the caliph from harm but seems to have emopasized the great pomp and ceremony with which the Umayyad Caliph surrounded himself.

  

8-     Complex style build latee mihrab Abd Al Rahman III

9-     Maqsura : decoration with carved marbel and gold galss mosaic

10-  Moasic is an Expenisve technique and exrensively to decorate medieval Byantine churches Because the Umayyads of spain want their mosque look like dome of the rock  and great mosque of damasus  as they used abored worker and materials

11-   Hyepostyle : favoured type for Islamic building .

12-  symbolic association with early period of Islam

13-  practical flexibility , support with the nature that suite the materails available and local technique of construction

 

Cordoba: Cathedral built insideGreat mosque

ue

14-  change in spain

1)     chraistian came over to spain and collapse of islamic spain over where the queen Elizabaith kick out all muslims and jews out from spain

2)     comvered the mosque to charuch

3)     the mosque has low root structure in the middle where they build doom of gothic style over it

4)     change of structure and build over it

5)     mintance arhciture and paint over it  which decoractive with gotic style with human figure as it still have the same structure of doboul colomes and arches of Islamic style but with golden mosaic decoration .

   

 

Medinat al-°©‐Zahra Outside of Cordoba (8^th C )

 It similar to idea of dar al kalifa in samara where the place of al kalaifa build spreate from the main city

Large contyard, destroy 902 Umayyad colllasped by spain

Iwan Arch , single coloms and stracoo decoration colomes

Balkh, Afghanistan. No Gunbad Mosque. 9^th cent

 

abbasied period

 similar to 3 door mosque 

9 pahses – 4 doors- 8 Meters

stacco decoration and carved wood 

arhicture decoration: Geometric pattern . leaf deco

 

Nayin, Iran, Friday Mosque. Ca 960 with later addiLons

 carved stucco of columns around mihrab

-        hypostyle hole – big contryard

-        complex stacco style over all colomes and around mhihrab- abstract style flower organic style

-        arches

Isfahan Great Mosque. Original 9^th cent plan

 

  Seljuk renovaLon, 11^th cent

First mosque build in lare 8^TH C where Isfahan is a capital of Abbsid Caliphate

-        larger hypostyles look like samara mosque  - small mud brick building

-        large central court surrounded by halls with baked brick columns supporting a flat roof

-        Buyids added a row of columns around the court

-        is the grand, congregational mosque

-        result of repeated construction, reconstruction, additions and renovations on the site from around 771 to the end of the 20th century.

-        built in the four-iwan architectural style,

-        placing four gates face to face.

-        An iwan is a vaulted open room. The qibla iwan on the southern side of the mosque was vaulted with muqarnas during the thirteen hundreds. Muqarnas are niche-like cells

-         

-        developed later by Seljuk  very thick wall build at 11thc

-        Construction under the Seljuqs included the addition of two brick domed chambers,

-        . The south dome: built to house the mihrab in 1086–87 by Nizam al-Mulk, /  larger than any dome known at its time.

-         The north dome was constructed a year later / function chamber is uncertain. located along the north-south axis, outside the boundaries of the mosque.

-         The dome was certainly built as a direct riposte to the earlier south dome,

-        structural clearness and geometric balance.

-         Iwans were also added in stages under the Seljuqs, giving the mosque its current four-iwan form, a type which subsequently became prevalent in Iran and the rest of the Islamic world.

-        Dome then mihrab build

-       

-        North dome (Gunbad I Khaki 1088) in 10^TH C second dome and then Iwan

-        Interior of north dome  has iwan structure

-        Define what is later add – open high window into dome and start carved pattern interior  

-        South Qubilah dome – Inner court with 4 iwan plan define with later mosque

-        Minnart support the iwan ( 4 iwan plan support)

-        Decoration like Demasque mosque as it face

-        contryard and huge iwan deco lead to al quiblah wall

 

Plan and court façade  Arcade Tarikh Khana mosque   Damghan, , Iran 8th century & 9th century.

Other surviving Abbasid mosques are the late ninth-century the Tarik Khane of Damghan (Iran) of between 750-89,

large rectangular courtyard

shaded from the strong sunlight in the desert they erected columns of palm trees with a roof covered by palm leaves on one side.

beginning of mosque architecture, as a hypostyle hall surrounding a courtyard,

plan: typical Arabian type with a nearly square courtyard of sides surrounded by hypostyle halls with thick round pillars.

 It is totally made of bricks covered with earthen plaster, giving a sole color to the whole surface together with the ground

Carved minarat which have Arabic insricption along side – bulid using brike

Cernidenal  colomes with hyepostle  - mid contyard with iwan arh

Minarat carved Islamic pattern Geometric – Arabic inscription

Hall of damghan, iran between hypostyle,

-        traces of a square minaret now lost

-         the surface of which also must have been austere without decoration.

-        After it collapsed, a new round shaped minaret was constructed in 1026 and still exists.

-         Unlike the mosque, the architect of that age gave it geometric patterns, using the device of piling bricks in various ways and chiseled calligraphic passages from the (Koran) in Arabic as decorations.

Jam, Afghanistan. Minaret. Built by Ghurid sultan Ghiyath al-°©‐Din Muhammad bin Sam, 1194/95 or 1174/75.

The Minaret of Jam: sixty-five meters tall in a deep rugged valley

built by Ghurid sultan Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad bin Sam (1163-1203). 

Made entirely of fired brick,

composed of a two-tier cylindrical body raised seven meters on an octagonal base.

Two spiral staircases, accessed from a single doorway above the ground, provide access to two balconies atop the lower shaft and midway up the upper shaft, visiting six vaulted chambers located in between.

supports by brick balconies.

The minaret has six open archways.

The two towers of the minaret shaft differ structurally.

 The broad lower: thick walls enveloping two spiral staircases at center

The narrow upper shaft,: central void spanned by six cross-vaults resting on four internal supports.

The stairs are here channeled into the narrow spaces between the walls and the buttresses.

Decoration: tiles and terracotta in high relief

 largely survived and was analyzed in detail

covered entirely with eight vertical tile panels that lead up to a thick epigraphic band below the first balcony.

kufic inscription , glazed tiles (blue) 8 PANELS deco

  

Delhi: Quwwat al-°©‐Islam, begun 1190‘s

The Qutb Minar : is an array of monuments

The construction was intended as a Victory Tower

, to celebrate the victory of Mohammed Ghori over Rajput king,

huge change with original mosque in Delhi as it not look Islamic enough as other mosque

it start as small but it extended later

as the Islamic arthicture in the eastern Islamic land become of the use of arches and domes

the ruler of India order an arched screen added to the courtyard of the mosque in front of the partyer hall ( large and taller central arch lined by paris  of lower and narrower arches.

Because the builder didn’t know how to build arch they used to imitate them with corbelling

Corbelled structure cannot support any weight , so it couldn’t crowned with a dome

Aybak Screen : hide what lay behind

Rich decorative with naturalistic vines and calligraphy

Craved by native masons – new techniques to Islamic

It is for Hindu, Jain: Figural images sculptural  of god and goodness with multiple arms and legs

Muslim found those materials idolatry horrific so upsetting images were defaced on reused materials , and carved Vegetal and geometric decoration on new construction

Huge sand stone minart – outside the mosque begine start at end 11^th C and end at mid of 13^TH C Overlaid flanged – cylindrical shafts- separated by balconies and decorated with inscription

Freestanding shaft: Become most symbol minaret in Islam

Arch screen: designed to give Islamic appearance add by Aybak

As ge knew the arched and domed mosque become standerd Iranian type (isfhan mosque)

 

great minart stood inside the courtyard  ( patron) Secound minart as the base is twice  the diameter of the Qutab Minar BUT the death of patraon preventd this project

Mausolea 

ReconstrucLon of monumental tomb of Mausolus at Halicarnassus, 4rd cent BC

tomb built between 353 and 350 BC at Halicarnassus for Mausolus, a satrap in the Persian Empire,

. The structure was designed by the Greek architects

 four sides was adorned with sculptural reliefs created by each one of four Greek sculptors

finished structure of the mauloseum was considered to be such an aesthetic triumph

 Mausoleum of Theodoric, Ravenna, 520 AD had it built when he was still alive consecration to the orthodox creed Gothic style and decoration,

Persepolis, Tombs of the Persian Kings, 6th-°©‐5^th C BC

 

Bukhara, Uzbekistan, Samanid Mausoleum, ca. 914-­‐943

known as the tomb of Ismail – descended from old Persian noble family

 early mausoleum was erected by the Samanid ruler sometime before 943 AD.

An existing waqf /   three bodies lie within,

Structure: contain the grave of Ismail himself.

The baked brick structure describes a simple form ( constractive and deco of baked brick)

 a slightly tapered cube capped by a curved dome that is inset from the exterior face of the cube. (cube dome)

The exterior surface decoration of highly articulated brickwork provides visual interest.  

stucco decoration, allover decorative brickwork represents an important innovation.

 Each façade is identical, joining the next with semi-attached circular columns. Centered within each façade is an arched opening framed by bricks laid in basket weave,

spandrels composed of diagonally set end brick.

A frieze of small arches on columns encircles the top of the cube forming a miniature arcade

 the corners are punctuated with small domical forms that sit above the cube.   The exterior arcade frieze repeats on the interior as an internal gallery.

 Utilizing corner arches to facilitate the interior transition from the square plan to the dome constitutes another important innovation.

 

Tim, Uzbekistan. Mausoleum. Built 977-­‐78

Carved hiill side large deco in front door – arch as iwan mihrab

Damghan, Iran. Tomb of Pir-­‐i Almander, 1021-­‐26

arch carved symterical dome – Arabic inscription along side

 

Gurgan,Iran. Gunbad-°©‐I Qabus, tomb of Shams al-°© Ma’ali Qabus, begun 1006

Similar as larger minarat/ series of tomob structure in 11^th C in Iran/ brike tower build by the ruler of the local Ziyarid dynasty

The twoer raise by artificial hill / dominates the surrounding plain by its soaring verticality and simple form of a flanged cylinder topped by a conical cap / plain exterior is broken only by two identical inscriptions